Writing the Research Report & the Politics of Social Research
Social Research MethodsSpring, 2007June 4~7, 2007
Part I: A critical last step in the research process: writing up your results (研究报告的撰写是研究过程中最重要的最后一步)
Writing should be clear, accurate, and well organized(写作必须清楚、正确、有系统的组织)
A reminder: Two ways to communicate research results
Oral Presentations Writing a Report
The Research Report (研究报告)
A research report: a written document that communicates the methods and findings of a research project to others (将研究方法及发现以书面文件形式告知他人)A record of the research processSo more than just findings (整个研究过程的纪录)Telling others what you did and what you discoveredTo disseminate knowledge (研究的目的在於传播知识)
The Writing Process: Your Audience (你的对象或读者)
Writing could be more effective if you know your audienceClass reports: be clear and logical, substantive and methodological concepts, use technical terms when appropriate (课堂报告要清楚,有逻辑,足够的内容及方法知识,善用专有名词)Scholar reports: linking to theories or previous literature, research design, measurement, data collection & analysis, discussion of results (学术报告: 研究与理论或文献的关联,研究设计,变数测量,资料蒐集,仔细的讨论结果)A short summary, do not overgeneralize (不要过度概化)
The Writing Process: Style and Tone
Style: the types of words chosen and the length and form of sentences or paragraphs used (风格: 作者选用的字汇和句子或段落的长度与格式)A formal and succinct style (研究报告: 正式简洁的风格) Tone: The writer's attitude or relation toward the subject (笔调: 作者对主题的态度或关系)expressing distance from the subject matter, professional and serious (和主题保持距离、专业而严肃)Check and recheck details (一再检查细节)Be clear (研究过程复杂,所以写作更应该清楚)
The Writing Process: Organizing Thoughts (如何组织想法)
Writing: involving a series of steps and activitiesNeeds "something" (i.e. your research) to write about (需要题材,即你的研究)Organize writing by the outline (用大纲帮助你组织想法)Start from an initial, often sketchy outline (从原始、比较粗略的大纲开始)Writing helps you to clarify ideas, to stimulate new ideas or relations, and may reexamine analysis or findings or literature (写作有助於澄清想法、刺激新的想法、分析或重新检视文献或发现)
The Writing Process: Back to the Library
We do not finish literature review before writing up a report. (写报告时要再检阅文献)Return to the literature during writing:New studies may be availableNew questions may be emerged during researchMore details neededAvoid Plagiarism, use paraphrasing if needed (不要抄袭,可以改写)
The Writing Process: Prewriting, Composing, and Rewriting
Prewriting (事前的写作): an early step, organizing notes, lists of ideas, outlining, etc.Overcome writer's block (克服写作者的障碍: 暂时性的无法写作)Freewriting: writing down everything your can as quickly as possible, not worrying about grammar or spelling (自由写作: 把所有想到的东西都写下来,不要考虑文法或用字遣词)Thinking time is important (思考与写作同等重要)
The Writing Process: Prewriting, Composing, and Rewriting
Rewriting (重写): do rewrite your draft!Focus on clear communicationShare your writing with othersRevising and editing (修改与编辑)Typing a draft would be easier for rewritingSuggestions for rewriting: mechanics (技术层面), usage (使用), voice (语调), coherence (连贯性), repetition (重复), structure(结构), abstraction (抽象化), metaphors (隐喻)
Rewrite the Introduction and Title after Completing a Draft.
写完初稿后再重写前言与标题
The Quantitative Research Report (量化研究报告)
Abstract or Executive SummaryWhat is interesting in the reportPresenting the Problem: including introduction, literature review, hypotheses, etc.Methods: research design and data collection, measurement and samplingResults and Tables: select the minimum # of charts/tables! [选择最少量的图表来呈现原始资料] (detailed summary statistics in appendixes)Discussion: a concise interpretation of resultsOrganize by hypothesesConclusions: restate the research question and summarize findings
The Qualitative Research Report (质性研究报告)
More difficult to write, less structure and fewer rules, tend to be longer reports (质性研究报告比较难写,结构及规则要求较少,报告通常比较长)Field research reports: Balance the presentation of data and anal
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